Digital image region detection method and apparatus

ABSTRACT

A method for processing an image so as to automatically locate a region of interest such as a human face. The image is converted to a suitable color space, after which a series of seed values are inputted, each having a seed color range, a local color difference limit and a global color difference limit. For each seed value, an output region of interest is determined by determining adjacent pixels which differ by no more than the local color difference limit and differ from the seed color by no more than the global color difference limit. The resultant image object is located within the image and the image can be processed by a handheld camera utilizing the processed information.

FIELD OF INVENTION

The present invention relates to an image processing method and apparatus and, in particular, discloses a Region Detection Method and Apparatus.

The present invention further relates the detection of regions within an image.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

In image processing it is often necessary to recognise faces or other regions of interest in an image.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

It is an object of the present invention to provide a method for processing an image so as to locate a region of interest such as a human face. Although the preferred embodiments will be described with respect to a particular camera processing system for the location of faces within an image, it will be readily evident that the present invention is not limited thereto and extends to a number of other areas where a region of interest having particular characteristics is located within an image.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS

Notwithstanding any other forms which may fall within the scope of the present invention, preferred forms of the invention will now be described, by way of example only, with reference to the accompanying drawings which:

FIG. 1 illustrates a standard image including a face to be recognised.

FIG. 2 illustrates a fist flowchart for determining a region of interest;

FIG. 3 illustrates a second flowchart for determining a region of interest.

DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED AND OTHER EMBODIMENTS

The preferred embodiment is preferable implemented through suitable programming of a hand held camera device such as that described in Australian Provisional Patent Application entitled “Image Processing Method and Apparatus (ART01)” filed concurrently herewith by the present applicant the content of which is hereby specifically incorporated by cross reference.

The aforementioned patent specification discloses a camera system, hereinafter known as an “Artcam” type camera, wherein sensed images can be directly printed out by an Artcam portable camera unit. Further, the aforementioned specification discloses means and methods for performing various manipulations on images captured by the camera sensing device leading to the production of various effects in any output image. The manipulations are disclosed to be highly flexible in nature and can be implemented through the insertion into the Artcam of cards having encoded thereon various instructions for the manipulation of images, the cards hereinafter being known as Artcards. The Artcam further has significant onboard processing power by an Artcam Central Processor unit (ACP) which is interconnected to a memory device for the storage of important data and images.

It would be desirable that, for any image, for example a photograph, to be able to determine regions of interest within the photograph, i.e., the location of faces, etc. Once a face has been located in an image, it then becomes a simple matter to process the image to achieve a number of novel effects such as the placement of speech bubbles relative to the facial region as illustrated in FIG. 1. Other effects such as morphing of the face, placement of objects relative to the face such as glasses, etc. can also be carried out once the facial region has been detected.

As noted previously, the detection of regions in an image can be a precursor to region-specific processing, such as the application of region-specific artistic effects, for example painting the background sky with broad brush strokes but painting the foreground face with detailed brush strokes, the detection of features in an image, etc. Colour based region detection is extremely useful as a precursor to the detection of people's faces in an image where the colours detected are of a skin tone nature.

As a result of variations in lighting, an object with a particular spectral colour may appear in an image with a range of colours having variable luminance and saturation. The colour of an object will tend to differ more in luminance and saturation than in hue, since hue measures the dominant frequency of an object. As illustrated in FIG. 2, there method 1 of the preferred embodiment includes a first step, where the image captured is first converted to a colour space which distinguishes hue from luminance and saturation. Two such well known colour spaces are the HLS colour space and the HSV colour space. The various colour spaces including the aforementioned colour spaces are fully described in the standard texts such as Foley, J. D., van Dam, A., Feiner, S. K., Hughes, J. F., Computer Graphics, Principles and Practice, Second Edition, Addison-Wesley, 1990 at pages 584-599.

The next step is to input a number of input colour seeds 4. Each seed 5 is defined by the following:

(1) A seed colour range of colour values;

(2) A local colour difference limit;

(3) A global difference limit.

The next step 8 is to process the seeds to construct a bitmap.

The final step 7 of the method of FIG. 1 comprises outputting a bitmap having the same dimensions as the input image but which indicates which pixels in the input image belong to a colour region defined by the list of seeds 5.

The method 1 comprises handling each seed in a separate pass 8 and combining the output bitmap of each pass with the overall output bitmap. Any set bit in the individual bitmap is written to the overall bitmap.

Turning now to FIG. 2, there is illustrated the step 8 of FIG. 1 in more detail. In a first step 20, a seed bitmap is determined for all the colours whose seed lies in the seed colour range as defined for the seed in question. In a next step 21, for each seed in the seed bitmap is utilised as a seed location for a “seed fill” algorithm which detects 4-connected or alternatively 8-connected regions in the input image which are connected to the seed location. The seed fill algorithm flags the pixels which belong to the region in a seed output bitmap. The seeds flagged in the seed output bitmap at the step 21 are also cleared from the seed bitmap created at the step 20 so they are not used as subsequent starting points for subsequent seed fills.

Once all the seeds have been utilised for the seed filling process, the seed output bitmap is combined with the overall output bitmap for all of the list of seeds.

The seed fill algorithm can be of a standard type such as those disclosed in the aforementioned reference at pages 979-986. However, the seed fill algorithm has a particular pixel membership test.

A pixel is a member of the current region if its colour differs from the previous pixel's colour by no more than the local colour difference limit, and its colour differs from the seed colour by no more of an image than the global colour difference limit. The colour limits are enforced separately for each colour component. Since spans are detected or processed from left-to-right, the previous pixel is the pixel to the left of the current pixel. The colour of the previous pixel at the start of a new span is taken to be its parent span's average colour. The seed colour is taken to be the middle colour of the seed colour range.

The use of a list of seeds, rather than a single seed, is motivated by wanting to identify a class of regions which may have a set of well-known but distinct colour signatures, such as faces.

The use of the combination of the local colour difference limit and the global colour difference limit is motivated by the wanting to detect regions as completely as possible while not crossing discontinuities in the image. A region may contain a variety of colours, but these will tend to vary smoothly across the region. The global colour variation in a region is in general greater than the local colour variation. Imposing a local colour difference limit reduces the risk of crossing discontinuities in the image. It also allows the global colour difference to be less conservative, which means that region detection can be more complete even where the region becomes, for example, smoothly light or dark.

When the colour space of the input image is hue-based, the hue difference limits are preferably scaled by the luminance (or value) and saturation, since for low luminance or low saturation the hue is somewhat unreliable. Thus when the hue becomes unreliable in dark or desaturated areas of a region, its effect is diminished so that those areas are still included in the detected region. This is still subject, of course, to the difference limits on the luminance and saturation.

The hue difference can also be calculated circularly, in line with the circular nature of the hue hexagon.

It has been found that utilising the above algorithm to detect objects in images, very suitable results are often produced. For example, the above method was utilised on an image having a number of individuals and wherein the colour seeds were set to be standard skin tones. The resulting regions accurately located the faces of individuals within the image.

It would be appreciated by a person skilled in the art that numerous variations and/or modifications may be made to the present invention as shown in the specific embodiment without departing from the spirit or scope of the invention as broadly described. The present embodiment is, therefore, to be considered in all respects to be illustrative and not restrictive.

Ink Jet Technologies

The embodiments of the invention use an ink jet printer type device. Of course many different devices could be used. However presently popular ink jet printing technologies are unlikely to be suitable.

The most significant problem with thermal inkjet is power consumption. This is approximately 100 times that required for high speed, and stems from the energy-inefficient means of drop ejection. This involves the rapid boiling of water to produce a vapor bubble which expels the ink. Water has a very high heat capacity, and must be superheated in thermal inkjet applications. This leads to an efficiency of around 0.02%, from electricity input to drop momentum (and increased surface area) out.

The most significant problem with piezoelectric inkjet is size and cost. Piezoelectric crystals have a very small deflection at reasonable drive voltages, and therefore require a large area for each nozzle. Also, each piezoelectric actuator must be connected to its drive circuit on a separate substrate. This is not a significant problem at the current limit of around 300 nozzles per print head, but is a major impediment to the fabrication of pagewide print heads with 19,200 nozzles.

Ideally, the inkjet technologies used meet the stringent requirements of in-camera digital color printing and other high quality, high speed, low cost printing applications. To meet the requirements of digital photography, new inkjet technologies have been created. The target features include:

low power (less than 10 Watts)

high resolution capability (1,600 dpi or more)

photographic quality output

low manufacturing cost

small size (pagewidth times minimum cross section)

high speed (<2 seconds per page).

All of these features can be met or exceeded by the inkjet systems described below with differing levels of difficulty. 45 different inkjet technologies have been developed by the Assignee to give a wide range of choices for high volume manufacture. These technologies form part of separate applications assigned to the present Assignee as set out in the table below.

The inkjet designs shown here are suitable for a wide range of digital printing systems, from battery powered one-time use digital cameras, through to desktop and network printers, and through to commercial printing systems

For ease of manufacture using standard process equipment, the print head is designed to be a monolithic 0.5 micron CMOS chip with MEMS post processing. For color photographic applications, the print head is 100 mm long, with a width which depends upon the inkjet type. The smallest print head designed is IJ38, which is 0.35 mm wide, giving a chip area of 35 square mm. The print heads each contain 19,200 nozzles plus data and control circuitry.

Ink is supplied to the back of the print head by injection molded plastic ink channels. The molding requires 50 micron features, which can be created using a lithographically micromachined insert in a standard injection molding tool. Ink flows through holes etched through the wafer to the nozzle chambers fabricated on the front surface of the wafer. The print head is connected to the camera circuitry by tape automated bonding.

Cross-Referenced Applications

The following table is a guide to cross-referenced patent applications filed concurrently herewith and discussed hereinafter with the reference being utilized in subsequent tables when referring to a particular case:

Docket No. Reference Title IJ01US IJ01 Radiant Plunger Ink Jet Printer IJ02US 1J02 Electrostatic Ink Jet Printer IJ03US IJ03 Planar Thermoelastic Bend Actuator Ink Jet IJ04US IJ04 Stacked Electrostatic Ink Jet Printer IJ05US IJ05 Reverse Spring Lever Ink Jet Printer IJ06US IJ06 Paddle Type Ink Jet Printer IJ07US IJ07 Permanent Magnet Electromagnetic Ink Jet Printer IJ08US IJ08 Planar Swing Grill Electromagnetic Ink Jet Printer IJ09US IJ09 Pump Action Refill Ink Jet Printer IJ10US IJ10 Pulsed Magnetic Field Ink Jet Printer IJ11US IJ11 Two Plate Reverse Firing Electromagnetic Ink Jet Printer IJ12US IJ12 Linear Stepper Actuator Ink Jet Printer IJ13US IJ13 Gear Driven Shutter Ink Jet Printer IJ14US IJ14 Tapered Magnetic Pole Electromagnetic Ink Jet Printer IJ15US IJ15 Linear Spring Electromagnetic Grill Ink Jet Printer IJ16US IJ16 Lorenz Diaphragm Electromagnetic Ink Jet Printer IJ17US IJ17 PTFE Surface Shooting Shuttered Oscillating Pressure Ink Jet Printer IJ18US IJ18 Buckle Grip Oscillating Pressure Ink Jet Printer IJ19US IJ19 Shutter Based Ink Jet Printer IJ20US IJ20 Curling Calyx Thermoelastic Ink Jet Printer IJ21US IJ21 Thermal Actuated Ink Jet Printer IJ22US IJ22 Iris Motion Ink Jet Printer IJ23US IJ23 Direct Firing Thermal Bend Actuator Ink Jet Printer IJ24US IJ24 Conductive PTFE Ben Activator Vented Ink Jet Printer IJ25US IJ25 Magnetostrictive Ink Jet Printer IJ26US IJ26 Shape Memory Alloy Ink Jet Printer IJ27US IJ27 Buckle Plate Ink Jet Printer IJ28US IJ28 Thermal Elastic Rotary Impeller Ink Jet Printer IJ29US IJ29 Thermoelastic Bend Actuator Ink Jet Printer IJ30US IJ30 Thermoelastic Bend Actuator Using PTFE and Corrugated Copper Ink Jet Printer IJ31US IJ31 Bend Actuator Direct Ink Supply Ink Jet Printer IJ32US IJ32 A High Young's Modulus Thermoelastic Ink Jet Printer IJ33US IJ33 Thermally actuated slotted chamber wall ink jet printer IJ34US IJ34 Ink Jet Printer having a thermal actuator comprising an external coiled spring IJ35US IJ35 Trough Container Ink Jet Printer IJ36US IJ36 Dual Chamber Single Vertical Actuator Ink Jet IJ37US IJ37 Dual Nozzle Single Horizontal Fulcrum Actuator Ink Jet IJ38US IJ38 Dual Nozzle Single Horizontal Actuator Ink Jet IJ39US IJ39 A single bend actuator cupped paddle ink jet printing device IJ40US IJ40 A thermally actuated ink jet printer having a series of thermal actuator units IJ41US IJ41 A thermally actuated ink jet printer including a tapered heater element IJ42US IJ42 Radial Back-Curling Thermoelastic Ink Jet IJ43US IJ43 Inverted Radial Back-Curling Thermoelastic Ink Jet IJ44US IJ44 Surface bend actuator vented ink supply ink jet printer IJ45US IJ45 Coil Acutuated Magnetic Plate Ink Jet Printer

Tables of Drop-on-Demand Inkjets

Eleven important characteristics of the fundamental operation of individual inkjet nozzles have been identified. These characteristics are largely orthogonal, and so can be elucidated as an eleven dimensional matrix. Most of the eleven axes of this matrix include entries developed by the present assignee.

The following tables form the axes of an eleven dimensional table of inkjet types.

Actuator mechanism (18 types)

Basic operation mode (7 types)

Auxiliary mechanism (8 types)

Actuator amplification or modification method (17 types)

Actuator motion (19 types)

Nozzle refill method (4 types)

Method of restricting back-flow through inlet (10 types)

Nozzle clearing method (9 types)

Nozzle plate construction (9 types)

Drop ejection direction (5 types)

Ink type (7 types)

The complete eleven dimensional table represented by these axes contains 36.9 billion possible configurations of inkjet nozzle. While not all of the possible combinations result in a viable inkjet technology, many million configurations are viable. It is clearly impractical to elucidate all of the possible configurations. Instead, certain inkjet types have been investigated in detail. These are designated IJ01 to IJ45 above.

Other inkjet configurations can readily be derived from these 45 examples by substituting alternative configurations along one or more of the 11 axes. Most of the IJ01 to IJ45 examples can be made into inkjet print heads with characteristics superior to any currently available inkjet technology.

Where there are prior art examples known to the inventor, one or more of these examples are listed in the examples column of the tables below. The IJ01 to IJ45 series are also listed in the examples column. In some cases, a printer may be listed more than once in a table, where it shares characteristics with more than one entry.

Suitable applications include: Home printers, Office network printers, Short run digital printers, Commercial print systems, Fabric printers, Pocket printers, Internet WWW printers, Video printers, Medical imaging, Wide format printers, Notebook PC printers, Fax machines, Industrial printing systems, Photocopiers, Photographic minilabs etc.

The information associated with the aforementioned 11 dimensional matrix are set out in the following tables.

ACTUATOR MECHANISM (APPLIED ONLY TO SELECTED INK DROPS) Actuator Mechanism Description Advantages Disadvantages Examples Thermal An electrothermal heater heats the ♦ Large force generated ♦ High power ♦ Canon Bubblejet bubble ink to above boiling point, ♦ Simple construction ♦ Ink carrier limited to water 1979 Endo et al GB transferring significant heat to the ♦ No moving parts ♦ Low efficiency patent 2,007,162 aqueous ink. A bubble nucleates and ♦ Fast operation ♦ High temperatures required ♦ Xerox heater-in-pit quickly forms, expelling the ink. ♦ Small chip area ♦ High mechanical stress 1990 Hawkins et al The efficiency of the process is low, required for actuator ♦ Unusual materials required U.S. Pat. No. with typically less than 0.05% of the ♦ Large drive transistors 4,899,181 electrical energy being transformed ♦ Cavitation causes actuator ♦ Hewlett-Packard TIJ into kinetic energy of the drop. failure 1982 Vaught et al ♦ Kogation reduces bubble U.S. Pat. No. formation 4,490,728 ♦ Large print heads are difficult to fabricate Piezoelectric A piezoelectric crystal such as lead ♦ Low power ♦ Very large area required for ♦ Kyser et al lanthanum zirconate (PZT) is consumption actuator U.S. Pat. No. electrically activated, and either ♦ Many ink types can be ♦ Difficult to integrate with 3,946,398 expands, shears, or bends to apply used electronics ♦ Zoltan U.S. Pat. No. pressure to the ink, ejecting drops. ♦ Fast operation ♦ High voltage drive transistors 3,683,212 ♦ High efficiency required ♦ 1973 Stemme ♦ Full pagewidth print heads U.S. Pat. No. impractical due to actuator size 3,747,120 ♦ Requires electrical poling in ♦ Epson Stylus high field strengths during ♦ Tektronix manufacture ♦ IJ04 Electro- An electric field is used to activate ♦ Low power ♦ Low maximum strain ♦ Seiko Epson, strictive electrostriction in relaxor materials consumption (approx. 0.01%) Usui et all such as lead lanthanum zirconate ♦ Many ink types can be ♦ Large area required for actuator JP 253401/96 titanate (PLZT) or lead magnesium used due to low strain ♦ IJ04 niobate (PMN). ♦ Low thermal ♦ Response speed is marginal expansion (˜10 μs) ♦ Electric field strength ♦ High voltage drive transistors required (approx. required 3.5 V/μm) can be ♦ Full pagewidth print heads generated without impractical due to actuator size difficulty ♦ Does not require electrical poling Ferroelectric An electric field is used to induce a ♦ Low power ♦ Difficult to integrate with ♦ IJ04 phase transition between the consumption electronics antiferroelectric (AFE) and ♦ Many ink types can be ♦ Unusual materials such as ferroelectric (FE) phase. Perovskite used PLZSnT are required materials such as tin modified lead ♦ Fast operation (<1 μs) ♦ Actuators require a large area lanthanum zirconate titanate ♦ Relatively high (PLZSnT) exhibit large strains of up longitudinal strain to 1% associated with the AFE to FE ♦ High efficiency phase transition. ♦ Electric field strength of around 3 V/μm can be readily provided Electrostatic Conductive plates are separated by a ♦ Low power ♦ Difficult to operate electrostatic ♦ IJ02, IJ04 plates compressible or fluid dielectric consumption devices in an aqueous (usually air). Upon application of a ♦ Many ink types can be environment voltage, the plates attract each other used ♦ The electrostatic actuator will and displace ink, causing drop ♦ Fast operation normally need to be separated ejection. The conductive plates may from the ink be in a comb or honeycomb ♦ Very large area required to structure, or stacked to increase the achieve high forces surface area and therefore the force. ♦ High voltage drive transistors may be required ♦ Full pagewidth print heads are not competitive due to actuator size Electrostatic A strong electric field is applied to ♦ Low current ♦ High voltage required ♦ 1989 Saito et al, pull on ink the ink, whereupon electrostatic consumption ♦ May be damaged by sparks due U.S. Pat. No. attraction accelerates the ink towards ♦ Low temperature to air breakdown 4,799,068 the print medium. ♦ Required field strength increases ♦ 1989 Miura et al, as the drop size decreases U.S. Pat. No. ♦ High voltage drive transistors 4,810,954 required ♦ Tone-jet ♦ Electrostatic field attracts dust Permanent An electromagnet directly attracts a ♦ Low power ♦ Complex fabrication ♦ IJ07, IJ10 magnet permanent magnet, displacing ink consumption ♦ Permanent magnetic material electro- and causing drop ejection. Rare earth ♦ Many ink types can be such as Neodymium Iron Boron magnetic magnets with a field strength around used (NdFeB) required. 1 Tesla can be used. Examples are: ♦ Fast operation ♦ High local currents required Samarium Cobalt (SaCo) and ♦ High efficiency ♦ Copper metalization should be magnetic materials in the ♦ Easy extension from used for long electromigration neodymium iron boron family single nozzles to lifetime and low resistivity (NdFeB, NdDyFeBNb, NdDyFeB, pagewidth print heads ♦ Pigmented inks are usually etc) infeasible ♦ Operating temperature limited to the Curie temperature (around 540K) Soft magnetic A solenoid induced a magnetic field ♦ Low power ♦ Complex fabrication ♦ IJ01, IJ05, IJ08, IJ10 core electro- in a soft magnetic core or yoke consumption ♦ Materials not usually present in ♦ IJ12, IJ14, IJ15, IJ17 magnetic fabricated from a ferrous material ♦ Many ink types can be a CMOS fab such as NiFe, such as electroplated iron alloys such used CoNiFe, or CoFe are required as CoNiFe [1], CoFe, or NiFe alloys. ♦ Fast operation ♦ High local currents required Typically, the soft magnetic material ♦ High efficiency ♦ Copper metalization should be is in two parts, which are normally ♦ Easy extension from used for long electromigration held apart by a spring. When the single nozzles to lifetime and low resistivity solenoid is actuated, the two parts pagewidth print heads ♦ Electroplating is required attract, displacing the ink. ♦ High saturation flux density is required (2.0-2.1 T is achievable with CoNiFe [1]) Magnetic The Lorenz force acting on a current ♦ Low power ♦ Force acts as a twisting motion ♦ IJ06, IJ11, IJ13, IJ16 Lorenz force carrying wire in a magnetic field is consumption ♦ Typically, only a quarter of the utilized. ♦ Many ink types can be solenoid length provides force This allows the magnetic field to be used in a useful direction supplied externally to the print head, ♦ Fast operation ♦ High local currents required for example with rare earth ♦ High efficiency ♦ Copper metalization should be permanent magnets. ♦ Easy extension from used for long electromigration Only the current carrying wire need single nozzles to lifetime and low resistivity be fabricated on the print-head, pagewidth print heads ♦ Pigmented inks are usually simplifying materials requirements. infeasible Magneto- The actuator uses the giant ♦ Many ink types can be ♦ Force acts as a twisting motion ♦ Fischenbeck, striction magnetostrictive effect of materials used ♦ Unusual materials such as U.S. Pat. No. such as Terfenol-D (an alloy of ♦ Fast operation Terfenol-D are required 4,032,929 terbium, dysprosium and iron ♦ Easy extension from ♦ High local currents required ♦ IJ25 developed at the Naval Ordnance single nozzles to ♦ Copper metalization should be Laboratory, hence Ter-Fe-NOL). For pagewidth print heads used for long electromigration best efficiency, the actuator should ♦ High force is available lifetime and low resistivity be pre-stressed to approx. 8 MPa. ♦ Pre-stressing may be required Surface Ink under positive pressure is held in ♦ Low power ♦ Requires supplementary force to ♦ Silverbrook, EP 0771 tension a nozzle by surface tension. The consumption effect drop separation 658 A2 and related reduction surface tension of the ink is reduced ♦ Simple construction ♦ Requires special ink surfactants patent applications below the bubble threshold, causing ♦ No unusual materials ♦ Speed may be limited by the ink to egress from the nozzle. required in fabrication surfactant properties ♦ High efficiency ♦ Easy extension from single nozzles to pagewidth print heads Viscosity The ink viscosity is locally reduced ♦ Simple construction ♦ Requires supplementary force to ♦ Silverbrook, EP 0771 reduction to select which drops are to be ♦ No unusual materials effect drop separation 658 A2 and related ejected. A viscosity reduction can be required in fabrication ♦ Requires special ink viscosity patent applications achieved electrothermally with most ♦ Easy extension from properties inks, but special inks can be single nozzles to ♦ High speed is difficult to achieve engineered for a 100:1 viscosity pagewidth print heads ♦ Requires oscillating ink pressure reduction. ♦ A high temperature difference (typically 80 degrees) is required Acoustic An acoustic wave is generated and ♦ Can operate without a ♦ Complex drive circuitry ♦ 1993 Hadimioglu et al, focussed upon the drop ejection nozzle plate ♦ Complex fabrication EUP 550,192 region. ♦ Low efficiency ♦ 1993 Elrod et al, ♦ Poor control of drop position EUP 572,220 ♦ Poor control of drop volume Thermoelastic An actuator which relies upon ♦ Low power ♦ Efficient aqueous operation ♦ IJ03, IJ09, IJ17, IJ18 bend actuator differential thermal expansion upon consumption requires a thermal insulator on ♦ IJ19, IJ20, IJ21, IJ22 Joule heating is used. ♦ Many ink types can be the hot side ♦ IJ23, IJ24, IJ27, IJ28 used ♦ Corrosion prevention can be ♦ IJ29, IJ30, IJ31, IJ32 ♦ Simple planar difficult ♦ IJ33, IJ34, IJ35, IJ36 fabrication ♦ Pigmented inks may be ♦ IJ37, IJ38, IJ39, IJ40 ♦ Small chip area infeasible, as pigment particles ♦ IJ41 required for each may jam the bend actuator actuator ♦ Fast operation ♦ High efficiency ♦ CMOS compatible voltages and currents ♦ Standard MEMS processes can be used ♦ Easy extension from single nozzles to pagewidth print heads High CTE A material with a very high ♦ High force can be ♦ Requires special material ♦ IJ09, IJ17, IJ18, IJ20 thermoelastic coefficient of thermal expansion generated (e.g. PTFE) ♦ IJ21, IJ22, IJ23, IJ24 actuator (CTE) such as ♦ PTFE is a candidate ♦ Requires a PTFE deposition ♦ IJ27, IJ28, IJ29, IJ30 polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) is for low dielectric process, which is not yet ♦ IJ31, IJ42, IJ43, IJ44 used. As high CTE materials are constant insulation in standard in ULSI fabs usually non-conductive, a heater ULSI ♦ PTFE deposition cannot be fabricated from a conductive ♦ Very low power followed with high temperature material is incorporated. A 50 μm consumption (above 350° C.) processing long PTFE bend actuator with ♦ Many ink types can be ♦ Pigmented inks may be polysilicon heater and 15 mW power used infeasible, as pigment particles input can provide 180 μN force and ♦ Simple planar may jam the bend actuator 10 μm deflection. Actuator motions fabrication include: ♦ Small chip area 1) Bend required for each 2) Push actuator 3) Buckle ♦ Fast operation 4) Rotate ♦ High efficiency ♦ CMOS compatible voltages and currents ♦ Easy extension from single nozzles to pagewidth print heads Conductive A polymer with a high coefficient of ♦ High force can be ♦ Requires special materials ♦ IJ24 polymer thermal expansion (such as PTFE) is generated development (High CTE thermoelastic doped with conducting substances to ♦ Very low power conductive polymer) actuator increase its conductivity to about 3 consumption ♦ Requires a PTFE deposition orders of magnitude below that of ♦ Many ink types can be process, which is not yet copper. The conducting polymer used standard in ULSI fabs expands when resistively heated. ♦ Simple planar ♦ PTFE deposition cannot be Examples of conducting dopants fabrication followed with high temperature include: ♦ Small chip area (above 350° C.) processing 1) Carbon nanotubes required for each ♦ Evaporation and CVD 2) Metal fibers actuator deposition techniques cannot be 3) Conductive polymers such as ♦ Fast operation used doped polythiophene ♦ High efficiency ♦ Pigmented inks may be 4) Carbon granules ♦ CMOS compatible infeasible, as pigment particles voltages and currents may jam the bend actuator ♦ Easy extension from single nozzles to pagewidth print heads Shape memory A shape memory alloy such as TiNi ♦ High force is available ♦ Fatigue limits maximum number ♦ IJ26 alloy (also known as Nitinol - Nickel (stresses of hundreds of cycles Titanium alloy developed at the of MPa) ♦ Low strain (1%) is required to Naval Ordnance Laboratory) is ♦ Large strain is extend fatigue resistance thermally switched between its weak available ♦ Cycle rate limited by heat martensitic state and its high (more than 3%) removal stiffness austenic state. The shape of ♦ High corrosion ♦ Requires unusual materials the actuator in its martensitic state is resistance (TiNi) deformed relative to the austenic ♦ Simple construction ♦ The latent heat of transformation shape. The shape change causes ♦ Easy extension from must be provided ejection of a drop. single nozzles to ♦ High current operation pagewidth print heads ♦ Requires pre-stressing to distort ♦ Low voltage operation the martensitic state Linear Linear magnetic actuators include ♦ Linear Magnetic ♦ Requires unusual semiconductor ♦ IJ12 Magnetic the Linear Induction Actuator (LIA), actuators can be materials such as soft magnetic Actuator Linear Permanent Magnet constructed with high alloys (e.g. CoNiFe [1]) Synchronous Actuator (LPMSA), thrust, long travel, and ♦ Some varieties also require Linear Reluctance Synchronous high efficiency using permanent magnetic materials Actuator (LRSA), Linear Switched planar semiconductor such as Neodymium iron boron Reluctance Actuator (LSRA), and fabrication techniques (NdFeB) the Linear Stepper Actuator (LSA). ♦ Long actuator travel ♦ Requires complex multi-phase is available drive circuitry ♦ Medium force is ♦ High current operation available ♦ Low voltage operation

BASIC OPERATION MODE Operational mode Description Advantages Disadvantages Examples Actuator This is the simplest mode of ♦ Simple operation ♦ Drop repetition rate is usually ♦ Thermal inkjet directly operation: the actuator directly ♦ No external fields limited to less than 10 KHz. ♦ Piezoelectric inkjet pushes ink supplies sufficient kinetic energy to required However, this is not ♦ IJ01, IJ02, IJ03, IJ04 expel the drop. The drop must have a ♦ Satellite drops can be fundamental to the method, but ♦ IJ05, IJ06, IJ07, IJ09 sufficient velocity to overcome the avoided if drop is related to the refill method ♦ IJ11, IJ12, IJ14, IJ16 surface tension. velocity is less than normally used ♦ IJ20, IJ22, IJ23, IJ24 4 m/s ♦ All of the drop kinetic energy ♦ IJ25, IJ26, IJ27, IJ28 ♦ Can be efficient, must be provided by the actuator ♦ IJ29, IJ30, IJ31, IJ32 depending upon the ♦ Satellite drops usually form if ♦ IJ33, IJ34, IJ35, IJ36 actuator used drop velocity is greater than ♦ IJ37, IJ38, IJ39, IJ40 4.5 m/s ♦ IJ41, IJ42, IJ43, IJ44 Proximity The drops to be printed are selected ♦ Very simple print head ♦ Requires close proximity ♦ Silverbrook, EP 0771 by some manner (e.g. thermally fabrication can be used between the print head and the 658 A2 and related induced surface tension reduction of ♦ The drop selection print media or transfer roller patent applications pressurized ink). Selected drops are means does not need ♦ May require two print heads separated from the ink in the nozzle to provide the energy printing alternate rows of the by contact with the print medium or required to separate image a transfer roller. the drop from the ♦ Monolithic color print heads are nozzle difficult Electrostatic The drops to be printed are selected ♦ Very simple print head ♦ Requires very high electrostatic ♦ Silverbrook, EP 0771 pull on ink by some manner (e.g. thermally fabrication can be used field 658 A2 and related induced surface tension reduction of ♦ The drop selection ♦ Electrostatic field for small patent applications pressurized ink). Selected drops are means does not need nozzle sizes is above air ♦ Tone-Jet separated from the ink in the nozzle to provide the energy breakdown by a strong electric field. required to separate ♦ Electrostatic field may attract the drop from the dust nozzle Magnetic pull The drops to be printed are selected ♦ Very simple print head ♦ Requires magnetic ink ♦ Silverbrook, EP 0771 on ink by some manner (e.g. thermally fabrication can be used ♦ Ink colors other than black 658 A2 and related induced surface tension reduction of ♦ The drop selection are difficult patent applications pressurized ink). Selected drops are means does not need ♦ Requires very high magnetic separated from the ink in the nozzle to provide the energy fields by a strong magnetic field acting on required to separate the magnetic ink. the drop from the nozzle Shutter The actuator moves a shutter to ♦ High speed (>50 KHz) ♦ Moving parts are required ♦ IJ13, IJ17, IJ21 block ink flow to the nozzle. The ink operation can be ♦ Requires ink pressure modulator pressure is pulsed at a multiple of the achieved due to ♦ Friction and wear must be drop ejection frequency. reduced refill time considered ♦ Drop timing can be ♦ Stiction is possible very accurate ♦ The actuator energy can be very low Shuttered grill The actuator moves a shutter to ♦ Actuators with small ♦ Moving parts are required ♦ IJ08, IJ15, IJ18, IJ19 block ink flow through a grill to the travel can be used ♦ Requires ink pressure modulator nozzle. The shutter movement need ♦ Actuators with small ♦ Friction and wear must be only be equal to the width of the grill force can be used considered holes. ♦ High speed (>50 KHz) ♦ Stiction is possible operation can be achieved Pulsed A pulsed magnetic field attracts an ♦ Extremely low energy ♦ Requires an external pulsed ♦ IJ10 magnetic pull ‘ink pusher’ at the drop ejection operation is possible magnetic field on ink pusher frequency. An actuator controls a ♦ No heat dissipation ♦ Requires special materials for catch, which prevents the ink pusher problems both the actuator and the ink from moving when a drop is not to pusher be ejected. ♦ Complex construction

AUXILIARY MECHANISM (APPLIED TO ALL NOZZLES) Auxiliary Mechanism Description Advantages Disadvantages Examples None The actuator directly fires the ink Simplicity of construction Drop ejection energy must be supplied Most inkjets, drop, and there is no external field Simplicity of operation by individual nozzle actuator including or other mechanism required. Small physical size piezoelectric and thermal bubble. IJ01-IJ07, IJ09, IJ11 IJ12, IJ14, IJ20, IJ22 IJ23-IJ45 Oscillating ink The ink pressure oscillates, Oscillating ink pressure can Requires external ink pressure Silverbrook, EP 0771 pressure providing much of the drop ejection provide a refill pulse, oscillator 658 A2 and related (including energy. The actuator selects which allowing higher operating Ink pressure phase and amplitude must patent applications acoustic drops are to be fired by selectively speed be carefully controlled IJ08, IJ13, IJ15, IJ17 stimulation) blocking or enabling nozzles. The The actuators may operate Acoustic reflections in the ink chamber IJ18, IJ19, IJ21 ink pressure oscillation may be with much lower energy must be designed for achieved by vibrating the print head, Acoustic lenses can be used or preferably by an actuator in the to focus the sound on the ink supply. nozzles Media The print head is placed in close Low power Precision assembly required Silverbrook, EP 077 I proximity proximity to the print medium. High accuracy Paper fibers may cause problems 658 A2 and related Selected drops protrude from the Simple print head Cannot print on rough substrates patent applications print head further than unselected construction drops, and contact the print medium. The drop soaks into the medium fast enough to cause drop separation. Transfer roller Drops are printed to a transfer roller High accuracy Bulky Silverbrook, EP 0771 instead of straight to the print Wide range of print Expensive 658 A2 and related medium. A transfer roller can also be substrates can be used Complex construction patent applications used for proximity drop separation. Ink can be dried on the Tektronix hot melt transfer roller piezoelectric inkjet Any of the IJ series Electrostatic An electric field is used to accelerate Low power Field strength required for separation Silverbrook, EP 0771 selected drops towards the print Simple print head of small drops is near or above air 658 A2 and related medium. construction breakdown patent applications Tone-Jet Direct A magnetic field is used to accelerate Low power Requires magnetic ink Silverbrook, EP 0771 magnetic field selected drops of magnetic ink Simple print head Requires strong magnetic field 658 A2 and related towards the print medium. construction patent applications Cross The print head is placed in a constant Does not require magnetic Requires external magnet IJ06, IJ16 magnetic field magnetic field. The Lorenz force in a materials to be integrated in Current densities may be high, current carrying wire is used to move the print head resulting in electromigration problems the actuator. manufacturing process Pulsed A pulsed magnetic field is used to Very low power operation Complex print head construction IJ10 magnetic field cyclically attract a paddle, which is possible Magnetic materials required in print pushes on the ink. A small actuator Small print head size head moves a catch, which selectively prevents the paddle from moving.

ACTUATOR AMPLIFICATION OR MODIFICATION METHOD Actuator amplification Description Advantages Disadvantages Examples None No actuator mechanical Operational simplicity Many actuator mechanisms have Thermal Bubble amplification is used. The actuator insufficient travel, or insufficient force, Inkjet directly drives the drop ejection to efficiently drive the drop ejection IJ01, IJ02, IJ06, IJ07 process. process IJ16, IJ25, IJ26 Differential An actuator material expands more Provides greater travel in a High stresses are involved Piezoelectric expansion on one side than on the other. The reduced print head area Care must be taken that the materials IJ03, IJ09, IJ17-IJ24 bend actuator expansion may be thermal, The bend actuator converts do not delaminate IJ27, IJ29-IJ39, IJ42, piezoelectric, magnetostrictive, or a high force low travel Residual bend resulting from high IJ43, IJ44 other mechanism. actuator mechanism to high temperature or high stress during travel, lower force formation mechanism. Transient bend A trilayer bend actuator where the Very good temperature High stresses are involved IJ40, IJ41 actuator two outside layers are identical. This stability Care must be taken that the materials cancels bend due to ambient High speed, as a new drop do not delaminate temperature and residual stress. The can be fired before heat actuator only responds to transient dissipates heating of one side or the other. Cancels residual stress of formation Actuator stack A series of thin actuators are stacked. Increased travel Increased fabrication complexity Some piezoelectric This can be appropriate where Reduced drive voltage Increased possibility of short circuits ink jets actuators require high electric field due to pinholes IJ04 strength, such as electrostatic and piezoelectric actuators. Multiple Multiple smaller actuators are used Increases the force available Actuator forces may not add linearly, IJ12, IJ13, IJ18, IJ20 actuators simultaneously to move the ink. from an actuator reducing efficiency IJ22, IJ28, IJ42, IJ43 Each actuator need provide only a Multiple actuators can be portion of the force required. positioned to control ink flow accurately Linear Spring A linear spring is used to transform a Matches low travel actuator Requires print head area for the spring IJ15 motion with small travel and high with higher travel force into a longer travel, lower force requirements motion. Non-contact method of motion transformation Reverse spring The actuator loads a spring. When Better coupling to the ink Fabrication complexity IJ05, IJ11 the actuator is turned off, the spring High stress in the spring releases. This can reverse the force/distance curve of the actuator to make it compatible with the force/time requirements of the drop ejection. Coiled A bend actuator is coiled to provide Increases travel Generally restricted to planar IJ17, IJ21, IJ34, IJ35 actuator greater travel in a reduced chip area. Reduces chip area implementations due to extreme Planar implementations are fabrication difficulty in other relatively easy to fabricate. orientations. Flexure bend A bend actuator has a small region Simple means of increasing Care must be taken not to exceed the IJ10, IJ19, IJ33 actuator near the fixture point, which flexes travel of a bend actuator elastic limit in the flexure area much more readily than the Stress distribution is very uneven remainder of the actuator. The Difficult to accurately model with actuator flexing is effectively finite element analysis converted from an even coiling to an angular bend, resulting in greater travel of the actuator tip. Gears Gears can be used to increase travel Low force, low travel Moving parts are required IJ13 at the expense of duration. Circular actuators can be used Several actuator cycles are required gears, rack and pinion, ratchets, and Can be fabricated using More complex drive electronics other gearing methods can be, used. standard surface MEMS Complex construction processes Friction, friction, and wear are possible Catch The actuator controls a small catch. Very low actuator energy Complex construction IJ10 The catch either enables or disables Very small actuator size Requires external force movement of an ink pusher that is Unsuitable for pigmented inks controlled in a bulk manner. Buckle plate A buckle plate can be used to change Very fast movement Must stay within elastic limits of the S. Hirata et al, “An a slow actuator into a fast motion. It achievable materials for long device life Ink-jet Head . . .”, can also convert a high force, low High stresses involved Proc. IEEE MEMS, travel actuator into a high travel, Generally high power requirement Feb. 1996, pp 418- medium force motion. 423. IJ18, IJ27 Tapered A tapered magnetic pole can increase Linearizes the magnetic Complex construction IJ14 magnetic pole travel at the expense of force. force/distance curve Lever A lever and fulcrum is used to Matches low travel actuator High stress around the fulcrum IJ32, IJ36, IJ37 transform a motion with small travel with higher travel and high force into a motion with requirements longer travel and lower force. The Fulcrum area has no linear lever can also reverse the direction of movement, and can be used travel. for a fluid seal Rotary The actuator is connected to a rotary High mechanical advantage Complex construction IJ28 impeller impeller. A small angular deflection The ratio of force to travel Unsuitable for pigmented inks of the actuator results in a rotation of of the actuator can be the impeller vanes, which push the matched to the nozzle ink against stationary vanes and out requirements by varying the of the nozzle. number of impeller vanes Acoustic lens A refractive or diffractive (e.g. zone No moving parts Large area required 1993 Hadimioglu et plate) acoustic lens is used to Only relevant for acoustic inkjets al, EUP 550,192 concentrate sound waves. 1993 Elrod et al, EUP 572,220 Sharp A sharp point is used to concentrate Simple construction Difficult to fabricate using standard Tone-jet conductive an electrostatic field. VLSI processes for a surface ejecting point ink-jet Only relevant for electrostatic ink jets

ACTUATOR MOTION Actuator motion Description Advantages Disadvantages Examples Volume The volume of the actuator changes, Simple construction in the High energy is typically required to Hewlett-Packard expansion pushing the ink in all directions. case of thermal inkjet achieve volume expansion. This leads Thermal Inkjet to thermal stress, cavitation, and Canon Bubblejet kogation in thermal ink jet implementations Linear, normal The actuator moves in a direction Efficient coupling to ink High fabrication complexity may be IJ01, IJ02, IJ04, IJ07 to chip surface normal to the print head surface. The drops ejected normal to the required to achieve perpendicular IJ11, IJ14 nozzle is typically in the line of surface motion movement. Linear, parallel The actuator moves parallel to the Suitable for planar Fabrication complexity IJ12, IJ13, IJ15, IJ33, to chip surface print head surface. Drop ejection fabrication Friction IJ34, IJ35, IJ36 may still be normal to the surface. Stiction Membrane An actuator with a high force but The effective area of the Fabrication complexity 1982 Howkins U.S. push small area is used to push a stiff actuator becomes the Actuator size Pat. No. 4,459,601 membrane that is in contact with the membrane area Difficulty of integration in a VLS1 ink. process Rotary The actuator causes the rotation of Rotary levers may be used Device complexity IJ05, IJ08, IJ13, IJ28 some element, such a grill or to increase travel May have friction at a pivot point impeller Small chip area requirements Bend The actuator bends when energized. A very small change in Requires the actuator to be made from 1970 Kyser et al This may be due to differential dimensions can be at least two distinct layers, or to have a U.S. Pat. No. thermal expansion, piezoelectric converted to a large motion. thermal difference across the actuator 3,946,398 expansion, magnetostriction, or other 1973 Stemme U.S. form of relative dimensional change. Pat. No. 3,747,120 IJ03, IJ09, IJ10, IJ19 IJ23, IJ24, IJ25, IJ29 IJ30, IJ31, IJ33, IJ34 IJ35 Swivel The actuator swivels around a central Allows operation where the Inefficient coupling to the ink motion IJ06 pivot. This motion is suitable where net linear force on the there are opposite forces applied to paddle is zero opposite sides of the paddle, e.g. Small chip area Lorenz force. requirements Straighten The actuator is normally bent, and Can be used with shape Requires careful balance of stresses to IJ26, IJ32 straightens when energized. memory alloys where the ensure that the quiescent bend is austenic phase is planar accurate Double bend The actuator bends in one direction One actuator can be used to Difficult to make the drops ejected by IJ36, IJ37, IJ38 when one element is energized, and power two nozzles. both bend directions identical. bends the other way when another Reduced chip size. A small efficiency loss compared to element is energized. Not sensitive to ambient equivalent single bend actuators. temperature Shear Energizing the actuator causes a Can increase the effective Not readily applicable to other actuator 1985 Fishbeck U.S. shear motion in the actuator material. travel of piezoelectric mechanisms Pat. No. 4,584,590 actuators Radial The actuator squeezes an ink Relatively easy to fabricate High force required 1970 Zoltan U.S. constriction reservoir, forcing ink from a single nozzles from glass Inefficient Pat. No. 3,683,212 constricted nozzle. tubing as macroscopic Difficult to integrate with VLSI structures processes Coil/uncoil A coiled actuator uncoils or coils Easy to fabricate as a planar Difficult to fabricate for non-planar IJ17, IJ21, IJ34, IJ35 more tightly. The motion of the free VLSI process devices end of the actuator ejects the ink. Small area required, Poor out-of-plane stiffness therefore low cost Bow The actuator bows (or buckles) in the Can increase the speed of Maximum travel is constrained IJ16, IJ18, IJ27 middle when energized. travel High force required Mechanically rigid Push-Pull Two actuators control a shutter. One The structure is pinned at Not readily suitable for inkjets which IJ18 actuator pulls the shutter, and the both ends, so has a high directly push the ink other pushes it. out-of-plane rigidity Curl inwards A set of actuators curl inwards to Good fluid flow to the Design complexity IJ20, IJ42 reduce the volume of ink that they region behind the actuator enclose. increases efficiency Curl outwards A set of actuators curl outwards, Relatively simple Relatively large chip area IJ43 pressurizing ink in a chamber construction surrounding the actuators, and expelling ink from a nozzle in the chamber. Iris Multiple vanes enclose a volume of High efficiency High fabrication complexity IJ22 ink. These simultaneously rotate, Small chip area Not suitable for pigmented inks reducing the volume between the vanes. Acoustic The actuator vibrates at a high The actuator can be Large area required for efficient 1993 Hadimioglu et vibration frequency. physically distant from the operation at useful frequencies al, EUP 550,192 ink Acoustic coupling and crosstalk 1993 Elrod et al, Complex drive circuitry EUP 572,220 Poor control of drop volume and position None In various ink jet designs the actuator No moving parts Various other tradeoffs are required to Silverbrook, EP 0771 does not move. eliminate moving parts 658 A2 and related patent applications Tone-jet

NOZZLE REFILL METHOD Nozzle refill method Description Advantages Disadvantages Examples Surface After the actuator is energized, it Fabrication simplicity Low speed Thermal inkjet tension typically returns rapidly to its normal Operational simplicity Surface tension force relatively small Piezoelectric inkjet position. This rapid return sucks in compared to actuator force IJ01-IJ07, IJ10-IJ14 air through the nozzle opening. The Long refill time usually dominates the IJ16, IJ20, IJ22-IJ45 ink surface tension at the nozzle then total repetition rate exerts a small force restoring the meniscus to a minimum area. Shuttered Ink to the nozzle chamber is High speed Requires common ink pressure IJ08, IJ13, IJ15, IJ17 oscillating ink provided at a pressure that oscillates Low actuator energy, as the oscillator IJ18, IJ19, IJ21 pressure at twice the drop ejection frequency. actuator need only open or May not be suitable for pigmented inks When a drop is to be ejected, the close the shutter, instead of shutter is opened for 3 half cycles: ejecting the ink drop drop ejection, actuator return, and refill. Refill actuator After the main actuator has ejected a High speed, as the nozzle is Requires two independent actuators per IJ09 drop a second (refill) actuator is actively refilled nozzle energized. The refill actuator pushes ink into the nozzle chamber. The refill actuator returns slowly, to prevent its return from emptying the chamber again. Positive ink The ink is held a slight positive High refill rate, therefore a Surface spill must be prevented Silverbrook, EP 0771 pressure pressure. After the ink drop is high drop repetition rate is Highly hydrophobic print head 658 A2 and related ejected, the nozzle chamber fills possible surfaces are required patent applications quickly as surface tension and ink Alternative for: pressure both operate to refill the IJ01-IJ07, IJ10-IJ14 nozzle. IJ16, IJ20, IJ22-IJ45

METHOD OF RESTRICTING BACK-FLOW THROUGH INLET Inlet back-flow restriction method Description Advantages Disadvantages Examples Long inlet The ink inlet channel to the nozzle Design simplicity Restricts refill rate Thermal inkjet channel chamber is made long and relatively Operational simplicity May result in a relatively large chip Piezoelectric inkjet narrow, relying on viscous drag to Reduces crosstalk area IJ42, IJ43 reduce inlet back-flow. Only partially effective Positive ink The ink is under a positive pressure, Drop selection and Requires a method (such as a nozzle Silverbrook, EP 0771 pressure so that in the quiescent state some of separation forces can be rim or effective hydrophobizing, or 658 A2 and related the ink drop already protrudes from reduced both) to prevent flooding of the patent applications the nozzle. Fast refill time ejection surface of the print head. Possible operation of This reduces the pressure in the the following: nozzle chamber which is required to IJ01-IJ07, IJ09-IJ12 eject a certain volume of ink. The IJ14, IJ16, IJ20, IJ22, reduction in chamber pressure results IJ23-IJ34, IJ36-IJ41 in a reduction in ink pushed out IJ44 through the inlet. Baffle One or more baffles are placed in the The refill rate is not as Design complexity HP Thermal Ink Jet inlet ink flow. When the actuator is restricted as the long inlet May increase fabrication complexity Tektronix energized, the rapid ink movement method. (e.g. Tektronix hot melt Piezoelectric piezoelectric ink jet creates eddies which restrict the flow Reduces crosstalk print heads). through the inlet. The slower refill process is unrestricted, and does not result in eddies. Flexible flap In this method recently disclosed by Significantly reduces back- Not applicable to most inkjet Canon restricts inlet Canon, the expanding actuator flow for edge-shooter configurations (bubble) pushes on a flexible flap thermal ink jet devices Increased fabrication complexity that restricts the inlet. Inelastic deformation of polymer flap results in creep over extended use Inlet filter A filter is located between the ink Additional advantage of ink Restricts refill rate IJ04, IJ12, IJ24, IJ27 inlet and the nozzle chamber. The filtration May result in complex construction IJ29, IJ30 filter has a multitude of small holes Ink filter may be fabricated or slots, restricting ink flow. The with no additional process filter also removes particles which steps may block the nozzle. Small inlet The ink inlet channel to the nozzle Design simplicity Restricts refill rate IJ02, IJ37, IJ44 compared to chamber has a substantially smaller May result in a relatively large chip nozzle cross section than that of the nozzle, area resulting in easier ink egress out of Only partially effective the nozzle than out of the inlet. Inlet shutter A secondary actuator controls the Increases speed of the ink- Requires separate refill actuator and IJ09 position of a shutter, closing off the jet print head operation drive circuit ink inlet when the main actuator is energized. The inlet is The method avoids the problem of Back-flow problem is Requires careful design to minimize IJ01, IJ03, IJ05, IJ06 located behind inlet back-flow by arranging the ink- eliminated the negative pressure behind the paddle IJ07, IJ10, IJ11, IJ14 the ink- pushing surface of the actuator IJ16, IJ22, IJ23, IJ25 pushing between the inlet and the nozzle. IJ28, IJ31, IJ32, IJ33 surface IJ34, IJ35, IJ36, IJ39 IJ40, IJ41 Part of the The actuator and a wall of the ink Significant reductions in Small increase in fabrication IJ07, IJ20, IJ26, IJ38 actuator chamber are arranged so that the back-flow can be achieved complexity moves to shut motion of the actuator closes off the Compact designs possible off the inlet inlet. Nozzle In some configurations of ink jet, Ink back-flow problem is None related to ink back-flow on Silverbrook, EP 0771 actuator does there is no expansion or movement eliminated actuation 658 A2 and related not result in of an actuator which may cause ink patent applications ink back-flow back-flow through the inlet. Valve-jet Tone-jet IJ08, IJ13, IJ15, IJ17 IJ18, IJ19, IJ21

NOZZLE CLEARING METHOD Nozzle Clearing method Description Advantages Disadvantages Examples Normal nozzle All of the nozzles are fired No added complexity on the May not be sufficient to displace dried Most inkjet systems firing periodically, before the ink has a print head ink IJ01-IJ07, IJ09-IJ12 chance to dry. When not in use the IJ14, IJ16, IJ20, IJ22 nozzles are sealed (capped) against IJ23-IJ34, IJ36-IJ45 air. The nozzle firing is usually performed during a special clearing cycle, after first moving the print head to a cleaning station. Extra power to In systems which heat the ink, but do Can be highly effective if Requires higher drive voltage for Silverbrook, EP 0771 ink heater not boil it under normal situations, the heater is adjacent to the clearing 658 A2 and related nozzle clearing can be achieved by nozzle May require larger drive transistors patent applications over-powering the heater and boiling ink at the nozzle. Rapid The actuator is fired in rapid Does not require extra drive Effectiveness depends substantially May be used with: succession of succession. In some configurations, circuits on the print head upon the configuration of the inkjet IJ01-IJ07, IJ09-IJ11 actuator this may cause heat build-up at the Can be readily controlled nozzle IJ14, IJ16, IJ20, IJ22 pulses nozzle which boils the ink, clearing and initiated by digital logic IJ23-IJ25, IJ27-IJ34 the nozzle. In other situations, it may IJ36-IJ45 cause sufficient vibrations to dislodge clogged nozzles. Extra power to Where an actuator is not normally A simple solution where Not suitable where there is a hard limit May be used with: ink pushing driven to the limit of its motion, applicable to actuator movement IJ03, IJ09, IJ16, IJ20 actuator nozzle clearing may be assisted by IJ23, IJ24, IJ25, IJ27 providing an enhanced drive signal IJ29, IJ30, IJ31, IJ32 to the actuator. IJ39, IJ40, IJ41, IJ42 IJ43, IJ44, IJ45 Acoustic An ultrasonic wave is applied to the A high nozzle clearing High implementation cost if system IJ08, IJ13, IJ15, IJ17 resonance ink chamber. This wave is of an capability can be achieved does not already include an acoustic IJ18, IJI9, IJ21 appropriate amplitude and frequency May be implemented at actuator to cause sufficient force at the nozzle very low cost in systems to clear blockages. This is easiest to which already include achieve if the ultrasonic wave is at a acoustic actuators resonant frequency of the ink cavity. Nozzle A microfabricated plate is pushed Can clear severely clogged Accurate mechanical alignment is Silverbrook, EP 0771 clearing plate against the nozzles. The plate has a nozzles required 658 A2 and related post for every nozzle. The array of Moving parts are required patent applications posts There is risk of damage to the nozzles Accurate fabrication is required Ink pressure The pressure of the ink is May be effective where Requires pressure pump or other May be used with all pulse temporarily increased so that ink other methods cannot be pressure actuator IJ series ink jets streams from all of the nozzles. This used Expensive may be used in conjunction with Wasteful of ink actuator energizing Print head A flexible ‘blade’ is wiped across the Effective for planar print Difficult to use if print head surface is Many ink jet systems wiper print head surface. The blade is head surfaces non-planar or very fragile usually fabricated from a flexible Low cost Requires mechanical parts polymer, e.g. rubber or synthetic Blade can wear out in high volume elastomer. print systems Separate ink A separate heater is provided at the Can be effective where Fabrication complexity Can be used with boiling heater nozzle although the normal drop e- other nozzle clearing many IJ series ink ection mechanism does not require it. methods cannot be used jets The heaters do not require individual Can be implemented at no drive circuits, as many nozzles can additional cost in some be cleared simultaneously, and no inkjet configurations imaging is required.

NOZZLE PLATE CONSTRUCTION Nozzle plate construction Description Advantages Disadvantages Examples Electroformed A nozzle plate is separately Fabrication simplicity High temperatures and pressures are Hewlett Packard nickel fabricated from electroformed nickel, required to bond nozzle plate Thermal Inkjet and bonded to the print head chip. Minimum thickness constraints Differential thermal expansion Laser ablated Individual nozzle holes are ablated No masks required Each hole must be individually formed Canon Bubblejet or drilled by an intense UV laser in a nozzle Can be quite fast Special equipment required 1988 Sercel et al., polymer plate, which is typically a polymer Some control over nozzle Slow where there are many thousands SPIE, Vol. 998 such as polyimide or polysulphone profile is possible of nozzles per print head Excimer Beam Equipment required is May produce thin burrs at exit holes Applications, pp. 76- relatively low cost 83 1993 Watanabe et al., U.S. Pat. No. 5,208,604 Silicon micro- A separate nozzle plate is High accuracy is attainable Two part construction K. Bean, IEEE machined micromachined from single crystal High cost Transactions on silicon, and bonded to the print head Requires precision alignment Electron Devices, wafer. Vol ED-25 No. 10 Nozzles may be clogged by adhesive 1978, pp 1185-1195 Xerox 1990 Hawkins et al., U.S. Pat. No. 4,899,181 Glass Fine glass capillaries are drawn from No expensive equipment Very small nozzle sizes are difficult to 1970 Zoltan U.S. capillaries glass tubing. This method has been required form Pat. No. 3,683,212 used for making individual nozzles, Simple to make single Not suited for mass production but is difficult to use for bulk nozzles manufacturing of print heads with thousands of nozzles. Monolithic, The nozzle plate is deposited as a High accuracy (<1 μm) Requires sacrificial layer under the Silverbrook, EP 0771 surface micro- layer using standard VLSI deposition Monolithic nozzle plate to form the nozzle 658 A2 and related machined techniques. Nozzles are etched in the Low cost chamber patent applications using VLSI nozzle plate using VLSI lithography Existing processes can be Surface may be fragile to the touch IJ01, IJ02, IJ04, IJ11 lithographic and etching. used IJ12, IJ17, IJ18, IJ20 processes IJ22, IJ24, IJ27, IJ28 IJ29, IJ30, IJ31, IJ32 IJ33, IJ34, IJ36, IJ37 IJ38, IJ39, IJ40, IJ41 IJ42, IJ43, IJ44 Monolithic, The nozzle plate is a buried etch stop High accuracy (<1 μm) Requires long etch times IJ03, IJ05, IJ06, IJ07 etched in the wafer. Nozzle chambers are Monolithic Requires a support wafer. IJ08, IJ09, IJI0, IJ13 through etched in the front of the wafer, and Low cost IJ14, IJ15, IJ16, IJ19 substrate the wafer is thinned from the back No differential expansion IJ21, IJ23, IJ25, IJ26 side. Nozzles are then etched in the etch stop layer. No nozzle Various methods have been tried to No nozzles to become Difficult to control drop position Ricoh 1995 Sekiya et plate eliminate the nozzles entirely, to clogged accurately al U.S. Pat. prevent nozzle clogging. These Crosstalk problems No. 5,412,413 include thermal bubble mechanisms 1993 Hadimioglu et and acoustic lens mechanisms al EUP 550,192 1993 Eirod et al EUP 572,220 Trough Each drop ejector has a trough Reduced manufacturing Drop firing direction is sensitive to IJ35 through which a paddle moves; complexity wicking. There is no nozzle plate. Monolithic Nozzle slit The elimination of nozzle holes and No nozzles to become Difficult to control drop position 1989 Saito et al U.S. instead of replacement by a slit encompassing clogged accurately Pat. No. 4,799,068 individual many actuator positions reduces Crosstalk problems nozzles nozzle clogging, but increases crosstalk due to ink surface waves

DROP EJECTION DIRECTION Ejection direction Description Advantages Disadvantages Examples Edge Ink flow is along the surface of the Simple construction Nozzles limited to edge Canon Bubblejet (‘edge chip, and ink drops are ejected from No silicon etching required High resolution is difficult 1979 Endo et al GB shooter’) the chip edge. Good heat sinking via Fast color printing requires one print patent 2,007,162 substrate head per color Xerox heater-in-pit Mechanically strong 1990 Hawkins et al Ease of chip handing U.S. Pat. No. 4,899,181 Tone-jet Surface Ink flow is along the surface of the No bulk silicon etching Maximum ink flow is severely Hewlett-Packard TIJ (‘roof shooter’) chip, and ink drops are ejected from required restricted 1982 Vaught et al the chip surface, normal to the plane Silicon can make an U.S. Pat. No. of the chip. effective heat sink 4,490,728 Mechanical strength IJ02, IJ11, IJ12, IJ20 IJ22 Through chip, Ink flow is through the chip, and ink High ink flow Requires bulk silicon etching Silverbrook, EP 0771 forward drops are ejected from the front Suitable for pagewidth print 658 A2 and related (‘up shooter’) surface of the chip. High nozzle packing patent applications density therefore low IJ04, IJ17, IJ18, IJ24 manufacturing cost IJ27-IJ45 Through chip, Ink flow is through the chip, and ink High ink flow Requires wafer thinning IJ01, IJ03, IJ05, IJ06 reverse drops are ejected from the rear Suitable for pagewidth print Requires special handling during IJ07, IJ08, IJ09, IJ10 (‘down surface of the chip. High nozzle packing manufacture IJ13, IJ14, IJ15, IJ16 shooter’) density therefore low IJ19, IJ21, IJ23, IJ25 manufacturing cost IJ26 Through Ink flow is through the actuator, Suitable for piezoelectric Pagewidth print heads require several Epson Stylus actuator which is not fabricated as part of the print heads thousand connections to drive circuits Tektronix hot melt same substrate as the drive Cannot be manufactured in standard piezoelectric ink jets transistors. CMOS fabs Complex assembly required

INK TYPE Ink type Description Advantages Disadvantages Examples Aqueous, dye Water based ink which typically Environmentally friendly Slow drying Most existing inkjets contains: water, dye, surfactant, No odor Corrosive All IJ series inkjets humectant, and biocide. Bleeds on paper Silverbrook, EP 0771 Modern ink dyes have high water- May strikethrough 658 A2 and related fastness, light fastness Cockles paper patent applications Aqueous, Water based ink which typically Environmentally friendly Slow drying IJ02, IJ04, IJ21, IJ26 pigment contains: water, pigment, surfactant, No odor Corrosive IJ27, IJ30 humectant, and biocide. Reduced bleed Pigment may clog nozzles Silverbrook, EP 0771 Pigments have an advantage in Reduced wicking Pigment may clog actuator 658 A2 and related reduced bleed, wicking and Reduced strikethrough mechanisms patent applications strikethrough. Cockles paper Piezoelectric ink-jets Thermal ink jets (with significant restrictions) Methyl Ethyl MEK is a highly volatile solvent Very fast drying Odorous All IJ series ink jets Ketone (MEK) used for industrial printing on Prints on various substrates Flammable difficult surfaces such as aluminum such as metals and plastics cans. Alcohol Alcohol based inks can be used Fast drying Slight odor All IJ series ink jets (ethanol, 2- where the printer must operate at Operates at sub-freezing Flammable butanol, and temperatures below the freezing temperatures others) point of water. An example of this is Reduced paper cockle in-camera consumer photographic Low cost printing. Phase change The ink is solid at room temperature, No drying time- ink High viscosity Tektronix hot melt (hot melt) and is melted in the print head before instantly freezes on the Printed ink typically has a ‘waxy’ feel piezoelectric ink jets jetting. Hot melt inks are usually print medium Printed pages may ‘block’ 1989 Nowak U.S. wax based, with a melting point Almost any print medium Ink temperature may be above the Pat. No. 4,820,346 around 80° C. After jetting the ink can be used curie point of permanent magnets All IJ series ink jets freezes almost instantly upon No paper cockle occurs Ink heaters consume power contacting the print medium or a No wicking occurs Long warm-up time transfer roller. No bleed occurs No strikethrough occurs Oil Oil based inks are extensively used High solubility medium for High viscosity: this is a significant All IJ series ink jets in offset printing. They have some dyes limitation for use in inkjets, which advantages in improved Does not cockle paper usually require a low viscosity. Some characteristics on paper (especially Does not wick through short chain and multi-branched oils no wicking or cockle). Oil soluble paper have a sufficiently low viscosity. dies and pigments are required. Slow drying Microemulsion A microemulsion is a stable, self Stops ink bleed Viscosity higher than water All IJ series ink jets forming emulsion of oil, water, and High dye solubility Cost is slightly higher than water based surfactant. The characteristic drop Water, oil, and amphiphilic ink size is less than 100 nm, and is soluble dies can be used High surfactant concentration required determined by the preferred Can stabilize pigment (around 5%) curvature of the surfactant. suspensions

Ink Jet Printing

A large number of new forms of ink jet printers have been developed to facilitate alternative ink jet technologies for the image processing and data distribution system. Various combinations of ink jet devices can be included in printer devices incorporated as part of the present invention. Australian Provisional Patent Applications relating to these ink jets which are specifically incorporated by cross reference include:

Australian Provi- sional Filing Number Date Title PO8066 15-Jul-97 Image Creation Method and Apparatus (IJ01) PO8072 15-Jul-97 Image Creation Method and Apparatus (IJ02) PO8040 15-Jul-97 Image Creation Method and Apparatus (IJ03) PO8071 15-Jul-97 Image Creation Method and Apparatus (IJ04) PO8047 15-Jul-97 Image Creation Method and Apparatus (IJ05) PO8035 15-Jul-97 Image Creation Method and Apparatus (IJ06) PO8044 15-Jul-97 Image Creation Method and Apparatus (IJ07) PO8063 15-Jul-97 Image Creation Method and Apparatus (IJ08) PO8057 15-Jul-97 Image Creation Method and Apparatus (IJ09) PO8056 15-Jul-97 Image Creation Method and Apparatus (IJ10) PO8069 15-Jul-97 Image Creation Method and Apparatus (IJ11) PO8049 15-Jul-97 Image Creation Method and Apparatus (IJ12) PO8036 15-Jul-97 Image Creation Method and Apparatus (IJ13) PO8048 15-Jul-97 Image Creation Method and Apparatus (IJ14) PO8070 15-Jul-97 Image Creation Method and Apparatus (IJ15) PO8067 15-Jul-97 Image Creation Method and Apparatus (IJ16) PO8001 15-Jul-97 Image Creation Method and Apparatus (IJ17) PO8038 15-Jul-97 Image Creation Method and Apparatus (IJ18) PO8033 15-Jul-97 Image Creation Method and Apparatus (IJ19) PO8002 15-Jul-97 Image Creation Method and Apparatus (IJ20) PO8068 15-Jul-97 Image Creation Method and Apparatus (IJ21) PO8062 15-Jul-97 Image Creation Method and Apparatus (IJ22) PO8034 15-Jul-97 Image Creation Method and Apparatus (1123) PO8039 15-Jul-97 Image Creation Method and Apparatus (IJ24) PO8041 15-Jul-97 Image Creation Method and Apparatus (IJ25) PO8004 15-Jul-97 Image Creation Method and Apparatus (IJ26) PO8037 15-Jul-97 Image Creation Method and Apparatus (IJ27) PO8043 15-Jul-97 Image Creation Method and Apparatus (IJ28) PO8042 15-Jul-97 Image Creation Method and Apparatus (IJ29) PO8064 15-Jul-97 Image Creation Method and Apparatus (IJ30) PO9389 23-Sep-97 Image Creation Method and Apparatus (IJ31) PO9391 23-Sep-97 Image Creation Method and Apparatus (IJ32) PP0888 12-Dec-97 Image Creation Method and Apparatus (IJ33) PP0891 12-Dec-97 Image Creation Method and Apparatus (IJ34) PP0890 12-Dec-97 Image Creation Method and Apparatus (IJ35) PP0873 12-Dec-97 Image Creation Method and Apparatus (IJ36) PP0993 12-Dec-97 Image Creation Method and Apparatus (IJ37) PP0890 12-Dec-97 Image Creation Method and Apparatus (IJ38) PP1398 19-Jan-98 An Image Creation Method and Apparatus (IJ39) PP2592 25-Mar-98 An Image Creation Method and Apparatus (IJ40) PP2593 25-Mar-98 Image Creation Method and Apparatus (IJ41) PP3991 9-Jun-98 Image Creation Method and Apparatus (IJ42) PP3987 9-Jun-98 Image Creation Method and Apparatus (IJ43) PP3985 9-Jun-98 Image Creation Method and Apparatus (IJ44) PP3983 9-Jun-98 Image Creation Methods and Apparatus (IJ45)

Ink Jet Manufacturing

Further, the present application may utilize advanced semiconductor fabrication techniques in the construction of large arrays of ink jet printers. Suitable manufacturing techniques are described in the following Australian provisional patent specifications incorporated here by cross-reference:

Australian Provisional Number Filing Date Title PO7935 15-Jul-97 A Method of Manufacture of an Image Creation Apparatus (IJM01) PO7936 15-Jul-97 A Method of Manufacture of an Image Creation Apparatus (IJM02) PO7937 15-Jul-97 A Method of Manufacture of an Image Creation Apparatus (IJM03) PO8061 15-Jul-97 A Method of Manufacture of an Image Creation Apparatus (IJM04) PO8054 15-Jul-97 A Method of Manufacture of an Image Creation Apparatus (IJM05) PO8065 15-Jul-97 A Method of Manufacture of an Image Creation Apparatus (IJM06) PO8055 15-Jul-97 A Method of Manufacture of an Image Creation Apparatus (IJM07) PO8053 15-Jul-97 A Method of Manufacture of an Image Creation Apparatus (IJM08) PO8078 15-Jul-97 A Method of Manufacture of an Image Creation Apparatus (IJM09) PO7933 15-Jul-97 A Method of Manufacture of an Image Creation Apparatus (IJM10) PO7950 15-Jul-97 A Method of Manufacture of an Image Creation Apparatus (IJM11) PO7949 15-Jul-97 A Method of Manufacture of an Image Creation Apparatus (IJM12) PO8060 15-Jul-97 A Method of Manufacture of an Image Creation Apparatus (IJM13) PO8059 15-Jul-97 A Method of Manufacture of an Image Creation Apparatus (IJM14) PO8073 15-Jul-97 A Method of Manufacture of an Image Creation Apparatus (IJM15) PO8076 15-Jul-97 A Method of Manufacture of an Image Creation Apparatus (IJM16) PO8075 15-Jul-97 A Method of Manufacture of an Image Creation Apparatus (IJM17) PO8079 15-Jul-97 A Method of Manufacture of an Image Creation Apparatus (IJM18) PO8050 15-Jul-97 A Method of Manufacture of an Image Creation Apparatus (IJM19) PO8052 15-Jul-97 A Method of Manufacture of an Image Creation Apparatus (IJM20) PO7948 15-Jul-97 A Method of Manufacture of an Image Creation Apparatus (IJM21) PO7951 15-Jul-97 A Method of Manufacture of an Image Creation Apparatus (IJM22) PO8074 15-Jul-97 A Method of Manufacture of an Image Creation Apparatus (IJM23) PO7941 15-Jul-97 A Method of Manufacture of an Image Creation Apparatus (IJM24) PO8077 15-Jul-97 A Method of Manufacture of an Image Creation Apparatus (IJM25) PO8058 15-Jul-97 A Method of Manufacture of an Image Creation Apparatus (IJM26) PO8051 15-Jul-97 A Method of Manufacture of an Image Creation Apparatus (IJM27) PO8045 15-Jul-97 A Method of Manufacture of an Image Creation Apparatus (IJM28) PO7952 15-Jul-97 A Method of Manufacture of an Image Creation Apparatus (IJM29) PO8046 15-Jul-97 A Method of Manufacture of an Image Creation Apparatus (IJM30) PO8503 11-Aug-97 A Method of Manufacture of an Image Creation Apparatus (IJM30a) PO9390 23-Sep-97 A Method of Manufacture of an Image Creation Apparatus (IJM31) PO9392 23-Sep-97 A Method of Manufacture of an Image Creation Apparatus (IJM32) PP0889 12-Dec-97 A Method of Manufacture of an Image Creation Apparatus (IJM35) PP0887 12-Dec-97 A Method of Manufacture of an Image Creation Apparatus (IJM36) PP0882 12-Dec-97 A Method of Manufacture of an Image Creation Apparatus (IJM37) PP0874 12-Dec-97 A Method of Manufacture of an Image Creation Apparatus (IJM38) PP1396 19-Jan-98 A Method of Manufacture of an Image Creation Apparatus (IJM39) PP2591 25-Mar-98 A Method of Manufacture of an Image Creation Apparatus (IJM41) PP3989 9-Jun-98 A Method of Manufacture of an Image Creation Apparatus (IJM40) PP3990 9-Jun-98 A Method of Manufacture of an Image Creation Apparatus (IJM42) PP3986 9-Jun-98 A Method of Manufacture of an Image Creation Apparatus (IJM43) PP3984 9-Jun-98 A Method of Manufacture of an Image Creation Apparatus (IJM44) PP3982 9-Jun-98 A Method of Manufacture of an Image Creation Apparatus (IJM45)

Fluid Supply

Further, the present application may utilize an ink delivery system to the ink jet head. Delivery systems relating to the supply of ink to a series of ink jet nozzles are described in the following Australian provisional patent specifications, the disclosure of which are hereby incorporated by cross-reference:

Australian Provisional Filing Number Date Title PO8003 Jul. 15, 97 Supply Method and Apparatus (F1) PO8005 Jul. 15, 97 Supply Method and Apparatus (F2) PO9404 Sep. 23, 97 A Device and Method (F3)

MEMS Technology

Further, the present application may utilize advanced semiconductor microelectromechanical techniques in the construction of large arrays of ink jet printers. Suitable microelectromechanical techniques are described in the following Australian provisional patent specifications incorporated here by cross-reference:

Australian Provisional Filing Number Date Title PO7943 Jul. 15, 97 A device (MEMS01) PO8006 Jul. 15, 97 A device (MEMS02) PO8007 Jul. 15, 97 A device (MEMS03) PO8008 Jul. 15, 97 A device (MEMS04) PO8010 Jul. 15, 97 A device (MEMS05) PO8011 Jul. 15, 97 A device (MEMS06) PO7947 Jul. 15, 97 A device (MEMS07) PO7945 Jul. 15, 97 A device (MEMS08) PO7944 Jul. 15, 97 A device (MEMS09) PO7946 Jul. 15, 97 A device (MEMS10) PO9393 Sep. 23, 97 A Device and Method (MEMS 11) PP0875 Dec. 12, 97 A Device (MEMS12) PP0894 Dec. 12, 97 A Device and Method (MEMS 13)

IR Technologies

Further, the present application may include the utilization of a disposable camera system such as those described in the following Australian provisional patent specifications incorporated here by cross-reference:

Australian Provisional Filing Number Date Title PP0895 Dec. 12, 97 An Image Creation Method and Apparatus (IR01) PP0870 Dec. 12, 97 A Device and Method (IR02) PP0869 Dec. 12, 97 A Device and Method (IR04) PP0887 Dec. 12, 97 Image Creation Method and Apparatus (IR05) PP0885 Dec. 12, 97 An Image Production System (IR06) PP0884 Dec. 12, 97 Image Creation Method and Apparatus (IR10) PP0886 Dec. 12, 97 Image Creation Method and Apparatus (IR12) PP0871 Dec. 12, 97 A Device and Method (IR13) PP0876 Dec. 12, 97 An Image Processing Method and Apparatus (IR14) PP0877 Dec. 12, 97 A Device and Method (IR16) PP0878 Dec. 12, 97 A Device and Method (IR17) PP0879 Dec. 12, 97 A Device and Method (IR18) PP0883 Dec. 12, 97 A Device and Method (IR19) PP0880 Dec. 12, 97 A Device and Method (IR20) PP0881 Dec. 12, 97 A Device and Method (IR21)

DotCard Technologies

Further, the present application may include the utilization of a data distribution system such as that described in the following Australian provisional patent specifications incorporated here by cross-reference:

Australian Provisional Filing Number Date Title PP2370 Mar. 16, 98 Data Processing Method and Apparatus (Dot01) PP2371 Mar. 16, 98 Data Processing Method and Apparatus (Dot02)

Artcam Technologies

Further, the present application may include the utilization of camera and data processing techniques such as an Artcam type device as described in the following Australian provisional patent specifications incorporated here by cross-reference:

Australian Provisional Filing Number Date Title PO7991 Jul. 15, 97 Image Processing Method and Apparatus (ART01) PO8505 Aug. 11, 97 Image Processing Method and Apparatus (ART01a) PO7988 Jul. 15, 97 Image Processing Method and Apparatus (ART02) PO7993 Jul. 15, 97 Image Processing Method and Apparatus (ART03) PO8012 Jul. 15, 97 Image Processing Method and Apparatus (ART05) PO8017 Jul. 15, 97 Image Processing Method and Apparatus (ART06) PO8O14 Jul. 15, 97 Media Device (ART07) PO8025 Jul. 15, 97 Image Processing Method and Apparatus (ART08) PO8032 Jul. 15, 97 Image Processing Method and Apparatus (ART09) PO7999 Jul. 15, 97 Image Processing Method and Apparatus (ART10) PO7998 Jul. 15, 97 Image Processing Method and Apparatus (ART11) PO8031 Jul. 15, 97 Image Processing Method and Apparatus (ART12) PO8030 Jul. 15, 97 Media Device (ART13) PO8498 Aug. 11, 97 Image Processing Method and Apparatus (ART14) PO7997 Jul. 15, 97 Media Device (ART15) PO7979 Jul. 15, 97 Media Device (ART16) PO8015 Jul. 15, 97 Media Device (ART17) PO7978 Jul. 15, 97 Media Device (ART18) PO7982 Jul. 15, 97 Data Processing Method and Apparatus (ART19) PO7989 Jul. 15, 97 Data Processing Method and Apparatus (ART20) PO8019 Jul. 15, 97 Media Processing Method and Apparatus (ART21) PO7980 Jul. 15, 97 Image Processing Method and Apparatus (ART22) PO7942 Jul. 15, 97 Image Processing Method and Apparatus (ART23) PO8018 Jul. 15, 97 Image Processing Method and Apparatus (ART24) PO7938 Jul. 15, 97 Image Processing Method and Apparatus (ART25) PO8016 Jul. 15, 97 Image Processing Method and Apparatus (ART26) PO8024 Jul. 15, 97 Image Processing Method and Apparatus (ART27) PO7940 Jul. 15, 97 Data Processing Method and Apparatus (ART28) PO7939 Jul. 15, 97 Data Processing Method and Apparatus (ART29) PO8501 Aug. 11, 97 Image Processing Method and Apparatus (ART30) PO8500 Aug. 11, 97 Image Processing Method and Apparatus (ART31) PO7987 Jul. 15, 97 Data Processing Method and Apparatus (ART32) PO8022 Jul. 15, 97 Image Processing Method and Apparatus (ART33) PO8497 Aug. 11, 97 Image Processing Method and Apparatus (ART30) PO8029 Jul. 15, 97 Sensor Creation Method and Apparatus (ART36) PO7985 Jul. 15, 97 Data Processing Method and Apparatus (ART37) PO8020 Jul. 15, 97 Data Processing Method and Apparatus (ART38) PO8023 Jul. 15, 97 Data Processing Method and Apparatus (ART39) PO9395 Sep. 23, 97 Data Processing Method and Apparatus (ART4) PO8021 Jul. 15, 97 Data Processing Method and Apparatus (ART40) PO8504 Aug. 11, 97 Image Processing Method and Apparatus (ART42) PO8000 Jul. 15, 97 Data Processing Method and Apparatus (ART43) PO7977 Jul. 15, 97 Data Processing Method and Apparatus (ART44) PO7934 Jul. 15, 97 Data Processing Method and Apparatus (ART45) PO7990 Jul. 15, 97 Data Processing Method and Apparatus (ART46) PO8499 Aug. 11, 97 Image Processing Method and Apparatus (ART47) PO8502 Aug. 11, 97 Image Processing Method and Apparatus (ART48) PO7981 Jul. 15, 97 Data Processing Method and Apparatus (ART50) PO7986 Jul. 15, 97 Data Processing Method and Apparatus (ART51) PO7983 Jul. 15, 97 Data Processing Method and Apparatus (ART52) PO8026 Jul. 15, 97 Image Processing Method and Apparatus (ART53) PO8027 Jul. 15, 97 Image Processing Method and Apparatus (ART54) PO8028 Jul. 15, 97 Image Processing Method and Apparatus (ART56) PO9394 Sep. 23, 97 Image Processing Method and Apparatus (ART57) PO9396 Sep. 23, 97 Data Processing Method and Apparatus (ART58) PO9397 Sep. 23, 97 Data Processing Method and Apparatus (ART59) PO9398 Sep. 23, 97 Data Processing Method and Apparatus (ART60) PO9399 Sep. 23, 97 Data Processing Method and Apparatus (ART61) PO9400 Sep. 23, 97 Data Processing Method and Apparatus (ART62) PO9401 Sep. 23, 97 Data Processing Method and Apparatus (ART63) PO9402 Sep. 23, 97 Data Processing Method and Apparatus (ART64) PO9403 Sep. 23, 97 Data Processing Method and Apparatus (ART65) PO9405 Sep. 23, 97 Data Processing Method and Apparatus (ART66) PP0959 Dec. 16, 97 A Data Processing Method and Apparatus (ART68) PP1397 Jan. 19, 98 A Media Device (ART69) 

We claim:
 1. A method for automatically detecting a region of interest in an image based on color attribute of said region, said method comprising the steps of: converting the image to a suitable color space; inputting a series of seed values, each seed value having a seed color range, a local color difference limit and a global color difference limit; for each seed value, determining a partial region of interest by determining those adjacent pixels that differ by no more than the local color difference limit and differ from the seed color by no more than the global color difference limit; and determining an output region of interest by combining said partial regions of interest.
 2. A method as claimed in claim 1, including a subsequent step of region specific processing.
 3. A method as claimed in claim 1, wherein the seed color range of at least one of said seed values is based on human skin tone.
 4. A method as claimed in claim 1 wherein said suitable color space is HSV color space.
 5. A method as claimed in claim 1 wherein said step of inputting comprises handling each seed value in a separate pass and combining an output image of each pass with an overall output image.
 6. A method as claimed in claim 1 wherein said determining comprises a seed fill algorithm. 